pic reproduced courtesy of Poppyland publishing, Cromer, Norfolk
A bit of a first for my blog readers here. My EDP Weekend feature on Turnip Townshend (25 October 2014) had to be adapted because of the lack of an available picture of the great man. It became ' Humble crop was a turnip for the history books' with turnip pics to match. You, dear blogger, can have both this revised feature and - feature first below - the original, focused more closely on dear old Charles. Plus the photos they might have used, given world enough and time...
Viscount (‘Turnip’) Charles Townshend of Raynham –a Farmer for All Seasons
Raynham Hall, Norfolk
Ever wondered if you are in the wrong job?
If British foreign secretary Viscount Townshend of Raynham
(1674-1738) – the Lord Lieutenant and effective political leader of Norfolk – hadn’t
by 1729, he should have done. His credentials came from the Tony Hancock School
of Careers Advice.
First, unlike Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole of Houghton, his
‘noisy’ neighbour, Townshend was a famously poor public speaker. “Inelegant in
his language’… ‘often perplexed in his arguments’ was the verdict of a peer
who’d endured his longwinded speeches to the Upper Chamber since 1701.
Second –by his own admission to Walpole - he displayed “fits
of spleen for which you have so often laughed at me” that made him “impatient
of contradiction…impetuous… and overbearing.” Lord Hervey was less kind - “a
slave to his passions…rash in his undertakings, violent in his proceedings,
haughty in his carriage, brutal in his expression and cruel in his
disposition.” Apoplexy would be the literal death of him in 1738.
Third, he made bad decisions and stuck to them.
Walpole needed a foreign policy that secured peace, prosperity
and low taxes for the Hanoverian settlement, taking the wind out of Jacobite sails
and restoring a fiscal confidence shattered by the South Sea Bubble scandal. Walpole
tried to keep Townshend, then in Hanover with George I, on message: “My
politics are to keep free from all engagements as long as we possibly can…I
wish to God we may at least for a little time remain neutral and look on, if
all the rest of Europe does the same thing.”
Instead, Townshend, more Hanoverian courtier than British statesman,
schemed for aggressive war alliances with traditional enemies.
Fourth, he didn’t do subterfuge. “If there be a place in the world where
faction and intrigue are natural and in fashion, it is (the court of Hanover) which
makes it no easy task for a stranger to behave himself inoffensively….”
Not the best choice of diplomat for one of the trickier
moments of European history.
Townshend-and-Walpole were the Britain-leading West Norfolk
dream team of 1722, double-heading a landslide Whig administration. By 1727, to Townshend’s fury, this had become
Walpole-and-Townshend and by 1729 was ending in a heated exchange about the way
Walpole was managing the House of Commons. Walpole thundered “there is no man’s
sincerity I doubt as much as your lordship’s!” whereupon Townshend – with his
usual sincerity - seized his burly brother-in-law by the collar and both men
went for their swords. Only the intervention of friends prevented an affray.
So ended a career that began so brightly in the reign of Queen
Anne when Townshend was a member of the commission concocting the Act of Union
with Scotland (1707). Highland Scotland supported the Stuart line of
succession: James ‘III’ (The Pretender) Anne’s closest heir, but Catholic.
England and Scotland had shared one monarch since 1603 but separate
parliaments. Some Scots even favoured reverting to two kingdoms.
Townshend was promoted after the deal so presumably took
credit for the Act’s buying off Presbyterian opposition to bishops and its
creation of a free trade market between the countries. The Act gave Scotland
access to Britain’s overseas colonies (Scotland’s traditional trade lines to France
and Holland were in decline or war-ruin). The continuation of an independent
Scottish legal system was conceded; Presbyterian rights guaranteed and reduced
rates of taxation (because of Scottish poverty) added to the economic
inducements – which included a degree of bribery. The Scottish Parliament was
history – sold (to London-based Scottish aristocrats) ‘for English gold’ -
until 1997.
But ‘Turnip’ Townshend was an undisputed world-leader in the scientific revolution of eighteenth century agriculture, to which he devoted his spare time, and ‘retirement’ (1730-1738.) It was a revolution led by rich landowners, farming large estates in Norfolk, especially ones underwritten by political influence and incomes outside farming. Like Coke of Holkham, Townshend inherited an estate totally unencumbered by debt and could afford to risk experiments, his successes then emulated by progressive but capital-inhibited yeomen farmers.
Raynham Hall - pic reproduced courtesy of Poppyland publishing, Cromer, Norfolk
But ‘Turnip’ Townshend was an undisputed world-leader in the scientific revolution of eighteenth century agriculture, to which he devoted his spare time, and ‘retirement’ (1730-1738.) It was a revolution led by rich landowners, farming large estates in Norfolk, especially ones underwritten by political influence and incomes outside farming. Like Coke of Holkham, Townshend inherited an estate totally unencumbered by debt and could afford to risk experiments, his successes then emulated by progressive but capital-inhibited yeomen farmers.
Position gave his experiments authority. Happily married to
Walpole’s sister Dorothy and leading the family ‘firm’ of Townshend and Walpole
as a recent Knight of the Garter, he began transforming Raynham Hall, lake,
gardens and park at the height of his political power in 1724-5, His
fashionable good taste, informed by long political sojourns in Holland, are
reflected in the quiet elegance of the new entrance hall and grand saloon.
It was the age of growing literacy, ‘improvement’ culture and
agricultural text books; of falling grain prices and a 13 per cent rise in the
value of cattle; of greater incentives to improve pasture and find better
winter feed. Scientific farming was incompatible with the primitive open field
farming still being practised across half the country and with the small-scale
yeomen farming that had replaced it in some areas.
Enclosures were back in vogue and this time not with the
Elizabethan object of turning arable land into sheep pasture but of
transforming communally cultivated, open fields –including the strips of
Townshend’s smaller tenant units – into large compact farms on which the new
and more scientific mixed farming could thrive. Waste (and common) land was
enclosed, hedged and made effective.
England went Dutch. Dutch meadow grasses like clover and
sainfoin and fodder crops were imported; Dutch immigrants grew turnips and
carrots in small enclosed English fields; Dutch textbooks were translated into
English; Norfolk farmers sent their sons to Holland to learn the new methods.
Traditional East Anglian ties with Holland (windmills, drainage) all helped
this.
But what really put the ‘turnip’ in Townshend and transformed
the eighteenth century farm was using turnips – which still only made up 9% of
the cropped land by 1720 - as a break crop between two cereal plantings.
Fed to livestock on the land, turnips caused it to be manured
at the same time, doubly more productive than leaving it fallow. Along with
clover and artificial grasses this rotation yielded nutritious pasture and a
good hay crop. Stock could be improved in quality, increased in number and used
to fertilise the soil all at the same time.
The ‘Norfolk Four Course Rotation’ - cereal-turnips-cereal-grasses
- in a four year cycle was internationally celebrated. The Norfolk farmcart was
the vanguard of the world.
Classical designs for farmyards were made; a ‘philosophy of
improvement’ informed the placement of house in relation to farm buildings; the
size of the barn; its number of doors, whether the facings of such utilities
should be brick or otherwise.
The Norfolk system, according to Arthur Young in 1771,
combined turnips, rotation, rationalised buildings, enclosure, the use of marl
or clay to improve soil, the creation of large farms and the granting of long
leases by landlords to change the farmer into an improving landowner. Turnip
Townshend’s leases typically included conditions prescribing these. And he was
doing it all decades before Arthur Young proclaimed it.
As early as 1704, Townshend was instructing his estate manager
to oversee hedging, marling and selective breeding of the best stock – cattle
as well as sheep – among his tenants and already engaged in ‘Enlightened’ farm-building
and hedging.
By 1738 Townshend’s reputation as an improving landowner –
with hedged fields “of a proper size for farms between 300 and 800
acres…square, well-disposed in relation to the home stall, the roads and the
soil” - and his encouragement of turnip-growing -was proverbial throughout
Europe. “He certainly practised the turnip culture on such an extent and with
such success that he was copied by all his neighbours,” approved Young. By
1787, Norfolk was being described as ‘the cradle of the Agricultural Revolution.’
All this increased Townshend’s income by £900 per annum –a
football transfer fee nowadays - and the total rental of the Raynham estate doubled between 1701 and 1756.
He transformed his Norfolk landscape from sheep-roamed heaths
and commons into the hedged fields, compact farms and ‘classical’ architecture
still recognisable today. Inspired by his Cambridge education, Grand Tour and a
mind broadened by travel and government posts abroad, he rebuilt and
re-landscaped the countryside.
Jonathon Swift could be contrasting the relative value of Townshend’s
two careers when he writes in ‘Gulliver’s Travels’: “whoever can make two ears
of corn or two blades of grass grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew
before, would deserve better of mankind and do more essential service to his
country than the whole race of politicians put together.”
For more see the English Model Farm (Windgatherer Press) and ‘Turnip’ Townshend: Statesman and Farmer (Poppyland Publishing) by Susanna Wade Martins. For Gareth’s EDP Weekend features and playscripts on Norfolk notables see www.garethcalway.co.uk/ blog.
For more see the English Model Farm (Windgatherer Press) and ‘Turnip’ Townshend: Statesman and Farmer (Poppyland Publishing) by Susanna Wade Martins. For Gareth’s EDP Weekend features and playscripts on Norfolk notables see www.garethcalway.co.uk/ blog.
And here's how that feature was published in EDP Weekend on Saturday Oct 25.
It was the
crop that propelled Norfolk from a farming backwater to the envy of a nation -
and brought huge wealth back to the county. GARETH CALWAY and TREVOR HEATON
tell the story of the humble turnip, and the not-so-humble man who saw its
golden potential...
Walpole needed a foreign policy that secured peace, prosperity and low taxes, taking the wind out of Jacobite sails and restoring a financial confidence shattered by the South Sea Bubble scandal. Walpole tried to keep Townshend, then in Hanover with George I, on message: “I wish to God we may at least for a little time remain neutral and look on, if all the rest of Europe does the same thing.”
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